Retraction
Retraction: Irrigation of Water by Automatic Sprinkler
System (IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1145 012107)
Published 23 February 2022
This article (and all articles in the proceedings volume relating to the same conference) has been
retracted by IOP Publishing following an extensive investigation in line with the COPE guidelines.
This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication process and
considerable citation manipulation.
IOP Publishing respectfully requests that readers consider all work within this volume potentially
unreliable, as the volume has not been through a credible peer review process.
IOP Publishing regrets that our usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication,
and have since put additional measures in place to try to prevent these issues from reoccurring. IOP
Publishing wishes to credit anonymous whistleblowers and the Problematic Paper Screener [1] for
bringing some of the above issues to our attention, prompting us to investigate further.
[1] Cabanac G, Labbé C and Magazinov A 2021 arXiv:2107.06751v1
Retraction published: 23 February 2022
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
Content from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
ICCMES 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
1
Irrigation of Water by Automatic Sprinkler System
R Nelson1
, U Sankar2
, E G Ramanathan2
, V Sankar Prasanth2 and A Sherwin
Daniel2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
[email protected]
Abstract. In all agricultural seasons, an automatic irrigation system has been designed to
facilitate the automated provide of adequate water from a reservoir to field or domestic crops.
One of the goals of this research is to determine how human control can be removed from
irrigation while also optimising water use in the process. The method used is to continuously
monitor the soil moisture level in order to determine whether irrigation is required and how much
water is required in the soil. Various types of sprinkler irrigation systems were studied in this
study, along with their design, construction, and installation. The planning was aided by the use
of a rotating system to irrigate a small plot, which provides a suitable scientific basis for correct
water scheduling, system evaluation, and minimising water waste and runoff. It was intended for
a variety of crops. The significance of the design and installation is to provide the University’s
irrigation research Field with irrigation field demonstration practise facilities that can be used.
Key Words: Agricultural, Crops, Construction, Design, Irrigation, sprinkler.

1. Introduction
   Irrigation may be a perfect methodology for distributing water to soil that strengthens the crops in the
   field. Irrigation is employed to complement the water on the market from downfall, field soil wetness.
   Quantity of downfall on the market in several components of the globe is light to satisfy crop wetness
   necessities [1]. As a result, adequate irrigation provision is important for sure-fire crop production. The
   job of irrigation system is often classified into indirect and direct advantages [2].
   The most direct advantage includes an increase in crop production by higher yield to achieve food
   self-sufficiency, cultivation of crops, land value appreciation that makes land holders more wealthier
   and domestic water distribution system to towns and villages [3]. Sprinkler irrigation is a significant
   advancement over traditional surface irrigation[4]. This promotes natural rainfall therefore by
   distributing water in rainy form over the land surface while needed in the essential pattern and in
   required quantity.
   The water should be distributed in an amount determined by the soil’s infiltration level in order to
   avoid runoff from irrigation [5]. This type of Sprinkler irrigation systems is ideal for undulating terrain,
   an insufficient of available water, shallow soils and where uniform water distribution is required [6].
   To optimise the use of water for agricultural crops, a proper automated irrigation system must be
   developed [7]. A proper automatic irrigation system must include all the components that auto
   Retracted
   matically
   ICCMES 2021
   IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
   IOP Publishing
   doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
   2
   monitors and controls the amount of water to be distributed to the plants without the need for human
   interference or failure [8].
   How the system functions
   • Constantly assess the quantity of water needed to plants (this is monitored using a sensor system).
   • By the data collected from observing the water content in the soil, it can able to determine if the plants
   require watering.
   • Provide the adequate amount of water required to the plants. This gets improved based on how good
   it meets the requirements.
   • Turn off the supply of water once the necessary amount of water has been delivered to the plants.
2. System Design
   The work is divided into four subsystems that comprise the automatic irrigation control system: supply
   of paper, a control unit, sensing unit, and pumping systems. A soil moisture sensor is built in order to
   note the soil’s electrical resistance. A 12V power supplying unit is built in order to provide enough
   power to the system [9]. An operational amplifier and timer were used to implement the control circuit;
   and a pumping subsystem which has a submersible micro water pump with less noise was built using a
   DC-operated motor [10]. Figure 1 shows the system design.
   Figure 1. System design
3. Working
   This automated system of irrigation is fabricated to constantly monitor the moisture level of soil. This
   system works accurately by supplying required amount of water to the soil and shutting off the supply
   of water when the necessary soil moisture rate is reached [11]. Corrosion resistant materials are used in
   fabricating soil moisture sensors and can be embedded in soil samples [12]. The resistance between the
   moisture detectors is measured and making it to match with the output voltages of the comparator circuit,
   computations are made of the voltages according to the dry and wet states of the soil [13].
   The amount of water needed for the irrigation per unit time was calculated by taking the water pump’s
   capacity and the water sprinkler’s capacity into account [14]. The time needed for irrigation was
   calculated by taking the water pump’s response time and the volume of water needed per irrigation into
   account. A proper timing circuit was also designed to guide the duration time of each irrigation
   occurrence using the required irrigation time
   Retracted
   [15].
   ICCMES 2021
   IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
   IOP Publishing
   doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
   3
4. System Components
   The Control circuit consists of Bread Board, jump wires, relay module, resistors and high rated diode.
   The sensing circuit consists of Arduino UNO and Soil moisture sensor and also a pump, a DC motor
   and Water sprinkler [16-22].
   4.1.Bread Board
   Specifications
   ❖ Dimensions: “3.28 x 2.14 x 0.32”
   ❖ Breadboard: 400 coloured points
   ❖ Material-Plastic
   Figure 2 shows the bread board.
   Figure 2. Bread board
   4.2. Jumper Wires:
   Specifications
   ❖ 40-pin ribbon cable jumper wires.
   ❖ 0.1″ sockets on any one of the ends and fits on standard-pitch 0.1″
   ❖ Wire: 28 AWG (36 AWG if 7strands)
   Figure 3 shows the Jumper wires.
   Figure 3. Jumper wires
   4.3.Resistor
   Specifications
   ❖ Conformal coated
   ❖ Epoxy coated
   ❖ Controlled temperature coefficient
   ❖ High frequency
   ❖ Low noise: typically 0.10 μ V/V
   ❖ Low voltage coefficient upto ± 5 ppm/V
   Figure 4 shows the resistor.
   Retracted
   ICCMES 2021
   IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
   IOP Publishing
   doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
   4
   Figure 4. Resistor
   4.4.Diode
   Figure 5. Diode
   Specifications
   ❖ Case: Moulded
   ❖ Weight: 0.4 g(appx)
   ❖ Finish: Corrosion Resistant and Readily Solderable
   ❖ Polarity: Polarity Band indicated cathode
   Figure 5 shows the diode and Figure 6 shows the Arduino.
   4.5. Arduino
   Figure 6. Arduino
   4.6. Soil Moisture Sensor
   Type of battery: CR2450 x 1
   3 years of battery life (typical)
   Range of sight: 700 feet (210 metres) (at default setting.)
   100 percent moisture, 8-bit
   -40°C to 85°C temperature range
   Typical sensor accuracy is +/-1°C, with a limit of -2/+4°C.
   10-bit sensor quantization level (resolution), 0.25°C (0.45°F)
   Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows the
   Retracted
   Soil moisture sensor and DC Motor
   ICCMES 2021
   IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
   IOP Publishing
   doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
   5
   Figure 7. Soil moisture sensor
   4.7.Dc Motor
   ● DC motor: 130 Type
   ● Voltage (4.6V to 9V).
   ● Recommended Voltage: 6V.
   ●Current with zero load: 70mA (max)
   ●Speed with zero load: 9000 rpm.
   ● Loaded current: 250mA (appx)
   ● Rated amount of Load: 10g*cm.
   ● Dimensions of the motor: 27.5mm x 20mm x 15mm
   Figure 8. DC Motor
5. Calculations
   Table 1 and Table 2 shows the calculations of Spray Head Flow and Lawn Watering Times
   Table 1: Spray Head Flow
   Spray Head Flow – Avearge Gallons Per Minute(Gpm)
   Spray 1quarte 1third 1half( 2thirds 3quarter Ful
   Head R(1/4) (1/3) 1/2) (2/3) S(3/4) L
   Arc Circ
   90° Arc 120° 180° 240° Arc 270° Arc
   Cover Le
   Arc Arc
   Age
   360°
   Retracted
   Arc
   ICCMES 2021
   IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
   IOP Publishing
   doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
   6
   5’ 0.10 0.12 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.39
   Radius
   8’ 0.25 0.31 0.50 0.70 0.76 1.02
   Radius
   10’ 0.40 0.55 0.80 0.97 1.04 1.60
   Radius
   12’ 0.80 1.23 1.60 1.78 2.50
   Radius
   0.61
   15’ 0.91 1.20 1.80 2.34 2.75 3.70
   Numbers Are Based On Average Of 3 Top Brand Spray Heads And At An Optimum Water Pressure
   30kpa.Variation Will Occur With Various Brand And At Different Water
   Pressure.
   Table 2: Lawn Watering Times
   LAWN WATERING TIMES
   (FOR LAWNS BASED ON WATERING THREE DAYS PER WEEK)
   MINUTES TO WATER PER ZONE
   WATERING
   MONTHS
   FIXED
   SPRAY
   HEADS
   ROTOR
   HEADS
   ROTARY
   NOZZLES
   MANUAL
   SPRINKLERS
   JANUARYAPRIL
   WATER TREES/SHRUBS AS NEEDED
   MAY 12 24 30 18
   JUNE 17 35 43 26
   JULY 18 36 45 27
   AUGUST 14 27 34 20
   SEPTEMBER 11 23 28 17
   OCTOBER-DECEMBER WATER TRESS/SHRUBS AS NEEDED
   THESE TIMES ARE BASED ON A SPRINKLER SYSTEM RUNNING AT AN EFFICIENT LEVEL.
   Retracted
   ICCMES 2021
   IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
   IOP Publishing
   doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
   7
   Figure 9. Sprinkler and Sensor Readings
6. Result
   With the same soil test, irrigation becomes precise, realistic, and simple. By this concept agriculture can
   be taken to the new and futuristic level. The water and quantity contents are not a normal output from
   moisture sensors, and the levelling system plays a vital role in deciding the quantity and volumetric
   water contents. Involvement in the development of the final product, the resistance of soil between the
   positive supply and non-inverting supply inputs is relatively high, which results in a lower positive
   supply to the non-inverting input which is higher than the inverting input, resulting in a logic low
   comparator performance when the soil is dry.
   This is the order that Arduino receives. In this case, the microcontroller sends a logic high signal,
   which activates a relay driver transistor and turning on the pumping motor. As a result, water flow
   begins. The soil resistance decreases as the soil becomes sufficiently wet, allowing an available voltage
   to the non-inverting input resulting in a comparator’s output that is high logic and provided to the
   microcontroller. In this case, the microcontroller sends a low logic signal to transistor which switches
   off the relay and turns on the motor pump
7. Conclusion
   A proper algorithmic proposal in designing a sensor-based controller system for measuring several
   critical parameters for a plant culture such as moisture of the soil, humidity, intensity of the light, and
   temperature are under consideration. The final result of the evaluations after the parameter values have
   been sensed must be definitive and precise. The framework must prevent many of the flaws found in
   current systems by carefully managing complexity while still offering a versatile means of preserving
   the environment. The aim is to keep hardware and software costs as low as possible.
   This hardware and software cost reduction will increase the use of electronic systems in agriculture
   that paves the growth of the agricultural industries in many areas thereby increasing the rate of quality
   and quantity of the production. By using required technologies and components several similar systems
   can be developed.
   Retracted
   ICCMES 2021
   IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145 (2021) 012107
   IOP Publishing
   doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1145/1/012107
   8
   References
   [1] Arshad ali , International journal of advanced and applied sciences , Internet Of Things
   embedded smart sensors system for agriculture and farm management, 7 (10), pp 38-45, 2020
   [2] Ms.Darshana chaware, IJERT, Sensor based automated irrigation system. 04, (2015)
   [3] Jose cavero , agronomy journal ,Relevance of sprinkler irrigation time and water losses in
   maize yield. 105(3), p 827, 2013
   [4] Glande et al, journal on automatic sprinkler irrigation system, 2007.
   [5] Swarup et al, Effect of continuous sodic irrigation water, 73(2), pp 111-118,2005
   [6] Saleemmaleek, Design and implementation of solar powered automatic irrigation system, IEEE
   International conference,2013.
   [7] Prathyusha et al, international journal of computer science engineering and applications, 3(4),
   pp 75-80,2013.
   [8] Cosmin et al, International conference of advance research and innovation,2012 .
   [9] Yetharaj et al, Method of water irrigation and water productivity, international journal on
   research and innovation,2012.
   [10] Haldorai, A. Ramu, and S. Murugan, Social Aware Cognitive Radio Networks, Social Network
   Analytics for Contemporary Business Organizations, pp. 188–202. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-
   5097-6.ch010
   [11] R. Arulmurugan and H. Anandakumar, Region-based seed point cell segmentation and detection
   for biomedical image analysis, International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and
   Technology, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 273, 2018.
   [12] Pranit et al , International conference of advance research and innovation,2014.
   [13] Udupa et al, Using arduino board for automatic pulse irrigation system, misr journal of
   agricultural engineering,2015.
   [14] Kiran kumar et al, different irrigation water sources in a typical black soil, an asian journal of
   soil science 10(1), pp 154-157,2015.
   [15] Mamta et al, Journal of applied and natural science, 7(2), pp 1070-80, 2015.
   [16] Suraj et al, Effects of waste water on the soil and irrigation process, Journal of geographical
   studies, 1(1), pp 46-55,2015.
   [17] Rayala et al, Study on automated irrigation system process, 2015.
   [18] Archana and Priya et al, automatic water conserving irrigation system, (IJCSIT) International
   journal,2016.
   [19] SonaliD.Gainwar and Dinesh V. Rojatkar et al, International Research journal of engineering
   and technology (IRJET),2015.
   [20] R.Balaji and M.Sudha et al, International journal of innovative technology and exploring
   engineering (IJITEE),2016.
   [21] S.Reshma and B.A.Sarath, IOT based Automatic irrigation system ,International journal,2016.
   [22] Joaquin Gutierrez, Automated Irrigation systems using a wireless sensor network and GPRS
   module , IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement,2013.